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    December 20

    纳 税 -SKATT

                       纳   税 -SKATT

                                                 蓝 亚 

        我们每个在瑞典生存,有收入的人,有纳税的义务。怎样纳? 纳多少?  纳给谁? 为什么? 

        纳税的高低几乎是每次大选议论的焦点之一,我们每个居住在瑞典的人,无论是否想参政议政,对税务应有个大概地了解。以下是粗略的简介,供大家参考。

     

       纳税的主要目的是支付医疗 教育 国防及其他公共费用。由于瑞典的公共事业相当的健全,因而税征亦高。经由征税制度,收入所得乃能重新分配。一方面平衡高低不同的收入,一方面平衡人生不同期间的差距。年轻而健康者支付儿童病人 老年及无谋生能力者的费用。同时也保障了个人疾病及事业的风险。

     

         每个人皆应缴国家及地方税。

     

         国家税(statlig skatt ) 系由国会所决定,为累进税率,即个人收入所得愈高,其应缴纳的税金也愈高。国家税系用于国民养老金,儿童津贴及国防等方面。

     

         地方税(kommunalskaat)付给区政府及省议会,由其行政代表所决定。因而每一个区课税可不一致。例如某一个区其儿童及老年的支付费用较大,则及税收

    就相对较高。地方税为比例税率。即居住同一地区的住民不论其所得多寡,皆按同一比例纳税。

     

         每个人一应交为数较低的教区税(Församlingsskatt ).瑞典国会活动的主要经济来源是教区税,教区税是地区工资税务支出的一部分。一个不是瑞典教会会员的人,亦应支付30%的教区税,作为国家人口统计及墓地管理的开支。因为瑞典国教会除了进行灵魂上的工作以外,还负责国民登记,国家人口统计和葬地。在瑞典信仰自由。但瑞典国教会以外的其他教派不得分向教区税。

     

         本年度内个人所交的税为初缴税额(preliminärskatt).次年始就本年的总收入作一结算,填写申报书。

     

    纳税的义务

    Skyldig att betala skatt

     

        在瑞典居住的每一个人,均应为其大多数所的付税。所得即工作收入,包括受雇或自身为业主,或自由职者,例如艺术家翻译等等。

        病假津贴 父母津贴 失业金等亦算收入。收入总和不超过每年规定的报税限额(2005年为16700kr)不必交税,但须申报。

        如系受雇者,雇主将自工资中扣缴税额。来自雇主的工资单(lönebesked)上,应列有每次扣交的税额数目。

        如干多分工,应通知收入最高的那份工作的雇主。否则雇主无法代替个人扣交正确的税额。此雇主将扣交全部所得中的税额。

        公共保险事务处也从病假津贴和父母津贴中扣除税额。

        如自身为业主或自由职业者,需自己缴纳税额。

     

    征税单

    Skattsedel

     

    移入瑞典境内居住的人,应即向地方税务分局申请税务单。须备有护照或其它证件。每年一月份该征税单将寄到家里。征税单应即交予雇主以便扣缴正确税额。

     

    申报的义务

    Skyldighet att deklarera

     

     每年最迟四月三十日(2005年是五月二日,申报书上一般都有注明)应就去年的总收入所得即所有财产作一申报。以填写申报书的方式申报。请自己保留一份。

     

    遇有下列情况之一即须申报

     

      如果全年居住瑞典境内,所得超过一万六千七百克朗以上。夫妻共同收入合计亦以此为标准。

     

      如全年未在瑞典居住,但在境内所得超过三百克朗以上。

     

    三如果本人或与配偶共有,或与未满18岁的子女共有财产,例如银行存款或现金

    股票公债 房地产 债券 债权 汽车 轮船和珠宝等总值超过400000克朗(1982)以上。

     

    雇主的核对清单

    Kontrolluppgift från arbetsgivare

     

        在每年一月底雇主寄出个人去年的工作所得的清单。其内列有雇主代缴的税额。个人有意务查实去年的全年所得。

        公共保险事务处也寄给去年个人所得的津贴清单。

     

    扣除额

    Avdrag

     

      个人申报时有权作某些税额扣除。个人收入减少,税额也相应减少。

       在某些情况下,个人可将其往返工作的交通费用自税中扣除。个人的借款

    或分期付款支付的利息可以从税中扣除。

       长期患病者或残疾人也可要求扣除其疾病的费用。

     

    税金调整

    Jämkning

     

       若已知个人所得在后来申报时享有扣除的费用,例如所付的利息,则可提出申请减低当年初交税额。此称税金的调整。可向地方税务局提出调整的申请。申请时应填写一份特别的表格。

     

    缓期申报

    Anstånd

     

       在某些情况下可缓期提交所得税申报书。但必须在二月十五日前及时提出缓期的申请。可向地方税务局申请办理。地址列于征税单上。这必须有充分的理由,比如长期居住国外或住院。

     

    罚课评定

    Skönstaxering

     

       如果不提交所得申报书,个人仍须交税。 依据雇主所发的工资及扣缴税额的资料,税务局主观的算定纳税数额。这意味着可能由于税务机关不了解个人所应享有的扣除额究竟是多少,各人有可能会付出更多的税金。此外尚须支付补罚税金以及逾期费用。

     

    补交拖欠税款

    Kvarskatt

     

       如果个人全年初交税额偏低,则次年须补交所欠的税。支付期间在一月至四月。每年十二月底个人将收到一张列有总纳税额的征税单。为表明需补交拖欠的税款时,应将该征税单交给雇主。雇主将从工资中扣交。

     

    强制性征税

    Indrivning av skatt

     

       如不缴税,债务  税务监督处(kronofogden)将前来催交。此称强制性征税。这时个人应与债务 税务监督处联络商定分期付款办法或达成延期付款的协议。如果不这样做,债务税务监督处有权取走个人财产变卖,以支付欠款。此称扣押财产。

     

    迁出瑞典时办理纳税手续

    Skatt - om du flyttar från Sverige

     

       若在年终前迁出瑞典,个人须将该年所得作一清算,即在迁出瑞典时或次年二月十五日前向地方税务局提交所得申报书。否则有遭罚课评定的危险。

     

    间接税金

    Indirekta skatter

     

        瑞典与其他许多国家类似,采用货物与服务费用的附加税金。此种税金称增值税,即moms。以出售货物为业者须对所出售货物缴纳增值税。如果自身为企业主须就所售货物及所有工作服务缴纳该增值税。购买商品时,增值税已在价格中。付服务费时,增值税也包括在该费用中。增值税为国家税,以一定的比例计算。

        有些商品则不需缴纳增值税,例如日报。很多服务性工作已免缴增值税,例如乘坐出租车及理发。

     

    以上诸种类税金,往往会把初来到者,弄得昏头昏脑,为便于理解,现归纳如下:

    Fakta ruta--översikt över det svenska skattesystemet

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

     

    --------------------------------------------------------------------

    欲知详情,可到税务局(skatteverket)去免费拿去有关资料,如:

     

     

     

    也可与下列部门联系:

     

    纳税与申报------------------地方税务局(lokala skattemyndigheter)

     

    请求协助填写所得税申报书----公共所得税申报事务所

                               (allmän deklarationsbyrå)

     

    强制性征税-----------------债务税务监督处(kronomyndigheten)

      

       

     

     

     

     

    Comments (27)

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